What is Mental Retardation?
Mental retardation is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. Children with mental retardation may take longer to learn to speak, walk, and take care of their personal needs such as dressing or eating. They are likely to have trouble learning in school. They will learn, but it will take them longer. There may be some things they cannot learn.
IDEA's Definition of "Mental Retardation"
Our nation's special education law, the IDEA, defines mental retardation as . . .
". . . significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance." [34 Code of Federal Regulations §300.7(c)(6)]
What Are the Signs of Mental Retardation?
There are many signs of mental retardation. For example, children with mental retardation may:
* sit up, crawl, or walk later than other children;
* learn to talk later, or have trouble speaking,
* find it hard to remember things,
* not understand how to pay for things,
* have trouble understanding social rules,
* have trouble seeing the consequences of their actions,
* have trouble solving problems, and/or
* have trouble thinking logically.
About 87% of people with mental retardation will only be a little slower than average in learning new information and skills. When they are children, their limitations may not be obvious. They may not even be diagnosed as having mental retardation until they get to school. As they become adults, many people with mild retardation can live independently. Other people may not even consider them as having mental retardation.
The remaining 13% of people with mental retardation score below 50 on IQ tests. These people will have more difficulty in school, at home, and in the community. A person with more severe retardation will need more intensive support his or her entire life. Every child with mental retardation is able to learn, develop, and grow. With help, all children with mental retardation can live a satisfying life.
What About School?
A child with mental retardation can do well in school but is likely to need individualized help. Fortunately, states are responsible for meeting the educational needs of children with disabilities.
For children up to age three, services are provided through an early intervention system. Staff work with the child's family to develop what is known as an Individualized Family Services Plan, or IFSP. The IFSP will describe the child's unique needs. It also describes the services the child will receive to address those needs. The IFSP will emphasize the unique needs of the family, so that parents and other family members will know how to help their young child with mental retardation. Early intervention services may be provided on a sliding-fee basis, meaning that the costs to the family will depend upon their income. In some states, early intervention services may be at no cost to parents.
For eligible school-aged children (including preschoolers), special education and related services are made available through the school system. School staff will work with the child's parents to develop an Individualized Education Program, or IEP. The IEP is similar to an IFSP. It describes the child's unique needs and the services that have been designed to meet those needs. Special education and related services are provided at no cost to parents.
Many children with mental retardation need help with adaptive skills, which are skills needed to live, work, and play in the community. Teachers and parents can help a child work on these skills at both school and home. Some of these skills include:
* communicating with others;
* taking care of personal needs (dressing, bathing, going to the bathroom);
* health and safety;
* home living (helping to set the table, cleaning the house, or cooking dinner);
* social skills (manners, knowing the rules of conversation, getting along in a group, playing a game);
* reading, writing, and basic math; and
* as they get older, skills that will help them in the workplace.
Supports or changes in the classroom (called adaptations) help most students with mental retardation.
Your child’s special education needs are determined on a case-by-case basis. The Law Offices of Jack H. Anthony can provide you with the legal representation you need when dealing with the school so your child receives the best possible individualized education plan.
